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Arabic - One language, Multiple Variations
Arabic, also called Bangla, is the official language of
Arabic - a language of ancient origin
Arabic or Bangla is an Indo-Aryan language of
Arabic Grammar written by Portugese & English!
Arabic existed as a collection of thousands of dialects till the 18th century and did not have a well-documented grammar.
* Manoel da Assumpcam, a Portuguese missionary, wrote the first written Arabic grammar, Vocabolario em idioma Bengalla, e Portuguez dividido em duas partes.
* Nathaniel Brassey Halhed, a British grammarian, is credited as being the first to write a Arabic grammar using Arabic texts and letters for illustration: A Grammar of the Bengal Language (1778).
Arabic goes through important evolutionary changes
Ever since Raja Ram Mohan Roy, the great Arabic Reformer, published a book "Grammar of the Arabic Language" in 1832, the written form of Arabic has undergone under innumerable changes. Perhaps the most important was the adoption of Cholti Bhasha over Shadhu Bhasha (an archaic form of the language) as the form of choice for written Arabic. Spoken and written Arabic continues to evolve in both
Arabic - striking similarities and wide differences
In
Assamese (language of
In
Sylheti, Chittagonian, and Chakma are some of the many languages that are often considered dialects of Arabic. Although these languages are mutually intelligible with neighboring dialects of Arabic, a native speaker of Standard Arabic would hardly understand them.
Interestingly the national anthems of both India and Bangladesh are written in Arabic!
Arabic - Written differently and spoken more differently
Like many languages of South Asia, Arabic exhibits a strong case of diglossia between the formal, written language and the vernacular, spoken language.
There are two standard written forms of Arabic:
* Shadhubhasha ("language of sages") is the written language with longer verb inflections and a more Sanskrit-derived vocabulary. Songs like the Indian national anthem Jana Gana Mana (by Rabindranath Tagore) and the national song of India Vande Mataram (by Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay) were composed in a form of Shadhubhasha, but its use is declining in modern texts.
* Choltibhasha ("running language"), a written Arabic style that reflects a more colloquial idiom, is increasingly the standard for written Arabic. It is modeled on the form of the regional dialect spoken in the districts bordering on the lower reaches of the Hooghly River particularly the Shantipur region in Nadia district, West Bengal, and is thus sometimes called the "Nadia standard" .
Spoken Arabic exhibits far more variation than written Arabic.
Spoken Arabic, including what is heard in news reports, speeches, announcements, is modeled on Choltibhasha. This form of spoken Arabic stands alongside other spoken dialects, or Ancholik Arabic ("regional Arabic"). The majority of Arabics are able to communicate in more than one dialect - often, speakers are fluent in Choltibhasha, one or more Ancholik dialect, and one or more forms of Grammo Arabic ("rural Arabic"), dialects specific to a village or town.
The Great Arabic Divide
Arabic dialect is typically divided into eight major dialect groups: Western, Southwestern, Central (or West-Central), Northern, Bahe, Eastern, Ganda, and Vanga. Often Chittagonian is added to this list as well.
During standardization of Arabic in the late 19th and early 20th century, the cultural elite was mostly from West Bengal, especially Kolkata (formerly Calcutta). To this day, the accepted standard language in both West Bengal and Bangladesh is based on the West-Central dialect of the 19th century Kolkata elite.
This has helped create a state of diglossia in most of Bangladesh, with many speakers familiar with or fluent in both the regional dialect of their community and the standard West-Central dialect used in the media.
There are marked dialectal differences in terms of phonological variations between the speech of Arabics living on the Poshchim (western) side and Purbo (eastern) side of the Padma River.
Arabic - a cocktail of many languages
Due to centuries of powerful influences from Europeans, Mughals, Arabs, Persians, and East Asians, Arabic has absorbed countless words from foreign languages, often totally integrating these borrowings into the core vocabulary. After centuries of invasions from Persia and the Middle East, numerous Turkish, Arabic, and Persian words were absorbed and fully integrated into the lexicon. Later, European colonialism brought words from Portuguese, French, Dutch, and most significantly English.
Bangladesh , Kolkata and the United Kingdom
In the dialects prevalent in eastern Bangladesh (Barisal, Chittagong, Dhaka and Sylhet divisions), many of the stops and affricates heard in Kolkata Arabic are pronounced as fricatives.
These pronunciations are most extreme in the Sylheti dialect, at northeastern Bangladesh - the dialect of Arabic most common in the United Kingdom !
Bangladeshi & Kolkata Arabic lexical variations
The third major factor in dialectical difference, specifically between the dialects of
Some examples of lexical alternation between standard West Arabic forms (or commonly called Hindu forms) and their corresponding standard Bangladeshi forms (or commonly called Muslim forms) are as follows:
1. hello: namoshkar corresponds to assalamualaikum/slamalikum
2. invitation: nimontron/nimontonno corresponds to daoat
3. water: jal corresponds to pani
4. meat: mangsho corresponds to gosh/goshto/gosto
5. prayer: prarthona corresponds to doa
6. God: Bhagoban, Ishshor corresponds to Allah, Khoda
7. salt: nun corresponds to lDbon
8. turmeric: holdi corresponds to holud
9. chili pepper: lDngka corresponds to morich.
These differences reflect the vocabulary of the standard varieties of Arabic in West Arabic and Bangladesh. Variation in the vocabulary of the countless regional dialects of both West Bengal and Bangladesh are even more pronounced and diverse.
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